pet trust

There are several ways that attorneys can utilize estate-planning documents to provide for pets upon the death of their owner. One popular method is leaving a sum of money to a caretaker in the pet owner’s will. There are two potential issues to consider with this method of planning: The pet owner has no way of ensuring that the assets will be used to cover pet-related expenses and there may be negative tax consequences to leaving the caretaker a sum of money outright. These same problems can exist when an owner makes a monetary bequest to a pet caregiver towards the end of his or her life.

These factors were overblown in many of the publications I read when preparing my own estate plan. Under today’s $5 million federal estate tax exemption, there are virtually zero federal estate or gift tax implications when a person leaves $5-10,000 to a trusted caretaker. There may be state tax implications in some circumstances and your attorney should discuss potential state taxes with you when considering this option. As for guaranteeing the money is spent properly? Many of my clients have told me that they would not be naming the person to look after the pets if they did not trust them. This issue is a non-factor in these cases and in others it is the primary factor – it depends on the relationship the owner has with the potential caretaker(s).

A second way that pet owners can utilize wills to provide for their pets is by making a bequest to animal organizations that will work to place your pet in a home if you leave assets to the organization. The Oregon Humane Society’s Friends Forever program is an example of one of these programs. The Portland-based shelter adopted out over 17,000 animal in 2010, including all of the animals that came in under ‘Friends Forever’. 

If a pet owner makes no provisions for his or her animal, the pet will become part of the owner’s residuary estate and will usually pass to a new owner under the residuary clause of the will. In Oregon the estate may reimburse the caretaker who looks after the animal immediately after the owner’s death.

Attorneys regularly address these (and other) pet planning issues through the use of the pet trust. Pet trusts determine custody of the animal, provide instruction for the caretaker and pay for the animals’ expenses. Pet trusts can be stand-alone documents or they can be incorporated into the pet owner’s will or trust. Pet trusts should be considered very carefully, as they can be surprisingly expensive to administer. If your animal is one that will likely outlive a caretaker or two (a parrot or turtle for example) or is particularly expensive to care for (a horse or a pet with high medical expenses maybe) then a pet trust might be the perfect document for you. If it is just your cat or your dog, carefully consider your pets needs vs. the amount of administration required to maintain the pet trust.

The first question an owner must answer when preparing a pet trust is, “who will look after the animal on a day to day basis?” The caretaker(s) should be familiar with the pets and should receive a copy of the pet instruction letter discussed in my previous blog post. Pet owners should consider the tax implications involved when leaving assets to a caretaker. The owner may consider providing additional compensation to the caretaker to make up for any tax liability imposed due to the financial bequest under the pet trust.

The next individual an owner may name in a pet trust is the trustee. The trustee is in charge of tracking trust expenses, bank accounts and, in some states, preparing trust tax returns and distributing an annual accounting. A pet owner should consider these activities (and their associated cost) when selecting a trustee for their pet trust.

The last person an owner may name in the pet trust is the trust protector. This independent person has no role in the day-to-day operation of the trust. He or she is in charge of monitoring the overall performance of the trust to ensure the pet is being cared for properly. This trust protector checks in on the actions of the caretaker and the trustee. The trust protector holds the other parties accountable when there are questions about the administration of the trust. ORS 130.185 allows for an interested party to petition the court on the pet’s behalf, so if even if the document does not name a trust protector, a friend of family member could petition the court to remove a trustee if the animal was not being cared for as outlined in the trust.

A word of warning: Not all pet trusts are created equal. There is a lot more to a well written pet trust than merely listing the people to serve in the roles outlined above. These documents should also allocate funds, account for expenses of trust administration and occasionally outline investment strategies, among other things. The trust should clearly outline which expenses may be paid from the trust property and tell the reader exactly how these fees are to be paid. A pet trust should also provide for back-ups in the event that the named individuals cannot serve.

The most famous pet trust of them all is the one that belonged to the late Leona Helmsley. This trust provided $12 million to care for her dog and the story garnered media attention around the world. The trust was established to pay for her dog Trouble’s expenses with any remaining assets passing to a charitable foundation at Trouble’s death. Helmsley’s executors petitioned the New York Court to reduce the amount of assets going to the trust, in an effort to minimize the taxes due on Helmsley’s estate. They were successful in their petition and the judge ordered the pet trust funded with “only” $2 million. The remaining assets flowed to the charitable foundation in a $10 million transfer that qualified for the charitable deduction.

The New York judge in the Helmsley case relied on the language of New York’s pet trust statute. In New York, and in states that have adopted the Uniform Trust Code’s pet trust language, courts may “determine the value of the trust property that exceeds the amount required for the intended use”. The courts may then reduce the funding of the pet trust accordingly and direct the excess assets into a resulting trust for the benefit of the settlor’s successor in interest.

The pet trust statutes in Oregon and Washington do not contain language allowing courts to reduce the amount of assets directed to these trusts. Had Leona Helmsley relocated to the Pacific Northwest, Trouble may still be living large off of $12 million. ORS 130.185 specifically states, “Property of a trust authorized by this section may be applied only to its intended use.” Similarly, RCW 11.118.030 provides, “no portion of the principal or income of the trust may be converted to the use of the trustee or to any use other than for the trust’s purpose or for the benefit of the designated animal or animals.”

While most of us will never have to worry about leaving a pet $12 million, there is an important lesson to be learned from Leona Helmsley’s pet trust. The $10 million implications of the seemingly subtle differences in the statutory language highlights the importance of putting together your pet’s long-term plan with an advisor that understands the delicate issues involved.
 

The first step in planning for pets is to address the question “who will take care of the animals in an emergency?” If there is a short-term disability or illness, do you have someone who will go to your home and feed the cat or walk the dog? Does that person have a key? Do they know where the dog food is? Are the animals familiar with this person?

The short-term caretaker may be identified by an informal agreement like the one we have with one of our family friends. He has a key to our place, knows the animals well and we have shown him where their food is kept, where the vet records are, etc. He has our family contact information and he is an emergency contact on file with our employers and the day care facilities we take our dog to.

Some of our clients have taken a more formalized approach by authorizing an agent to care for their animals in periods of disability and/or hospitalization. This is accomplished by adding language to the power of attorney that specifically grants an agent the power to care for the pet(s). The decision on whether to make a formal or an informal agreement with the caretaker depends on a number of owner-specific issues: the proximity of friends and family, the amount of time and/or work the pets require and the expenses involved in caring for the animals, to name a few.

Regardless of whether an owner takes a formal or an informal approach to short-term planning, it is most important that they have a plan and they write it down. ORS § 130.185 instructs Oregon courts by providing for, “the liberal construction of oral or written instruments as enforceable pet trusts and not unenforceable honorary trusts.” Make a plan. Write it down.

There is a second document that pet owners should be creating for both their short-term and long-term planning: instructions for the day-to-day care of the animals. This document should include all of the necessary contact information for vets, trainers, kennels, etc. It should note the exercise routines of the pets, their feeding habits and any other relevant information. It should tell the caretaker the location of the animals’ health records, vaccination history and licensing information. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that 22 percent of the nation’s dogs and 25 percent of our cats live in single person households. Creating a detailed set of instructions is particularly important for these pet owners, as it is less likely there will be another individual who is familiar with the pets’ day-to-day routines. A detailed instruction letter is also crucial if your pet has special dietary needs, medical concerns or training issues.

A well drafted estate plan provides the family with adequate instructions on how matters are to be handled during a time of crisis. If your family includes household pets, you should think about what would happen to them in a short term emergency. Do you have a friend or family member that would look after your pets? If so, talk to that person about the arrangement and write it down. In my next blog post I will discuss planning for the long-term care of our furry friends.
 

As an estate planning attorney, I often help people plan for the distribution of their assets when they are gone. I talk with my clients about what will happen to the house, the stamp collection, the bank accounts, etc. One question that usually provokes a strong response is, “What would you like to have happen to your pets?” Unfortunately, this is a question that goes unanswered far too often. In the United States, close to 500,000 pets end up in shelters every year when their owners die or become disabled. In these shelters, five out of ten dogs and seven out of ten cats are euthanized because there is no one to adopt them. If we plan ahead for these things, we can help our pets live the way that we want them to when we are gone. We can also make sure they never become statistics.

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals estimates that the average annual cost of basic food, supplies, medical care and training for a dog or cat is $700-875. The cost of our dog’s day care expenses, food, training, teeth cleaning and vet check-ups is considerably higher than this projection, while the cost of caring for our cat is significantly lower. The actual costs will depend on the pet. Who will pay this bill when we are gone? Will our pets live a life similar to the one they have now? Will our dog still get his raw diet or will he be fed generic kibble? Will our cat still go to the same vet? Will they be moved away from our current neighborhood and city? Will they go to a shelter? These are some of the questions we should be thinking about.

This article will be divided into three separate blog posts. This week I’ll talk about Oregon’s rich history on the forefront of animal rights and mention some of Oregon’s judicial and legislative decisions that affect the planning we do for our pets. In my next post I’ll talk about short-term planning for periods of emergency. In my final entry I will discuss the questions that pet owners should think about when preparing their estate plans.

Oregon’s courts recognized something over 100 years ago that is evident if you walk down any street in any town in Oregon today: We have a special attachment to our pets. They are friends, companions and family. In the 1914 case McCallister v. Sappingfield, an Oregon court ruled that when an animal was hurt or killed, its owner should receive more than just the market value of the animal. This “Special Value” law recognized that our dog is worth more to my family than the $80 adoption fee we paid at the shelter.

More recently, Oregon’s legislature made animal cruelty a felony in 1995 and ORS § 130.185 became law in 2005 – allowing Oregon residents to create legally binding pet trusts. Forty-three states now categorize animal cruelty as a felony and forty-four of them recognize pet trusts. Additionally, ORS § 114.215(3) provides for a unique procedure to care for an animal immediately following the death of its owner – even if the owner has left behind no will or other planning documents. This statute allows friends and/or family members to take immediate possession of the animal and be reimbursed for any reasonable expenses incurred in caring for the pet during the probate of the owner’s estate.

The Oregon State Bar is one of the few in the country that has an entire section devoted to animal law. Oregon’s Lewis & Clark Law School was the first college in the country to publish an animal law review and its students were the first to organize a chapter of the Animal Legal Defense Fund. Oregon’s judges, legislative bodies, attorneys and law students recognize that our animals have certain rights and values that must be protected under the law. In part two of this article, I’ll talk about how these protections affect the planning process.